Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012). "Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52146. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...752146Z. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052146. PMC 3524165. PMID 23284907. Top 10 Rice Producing States of India, Indian States with Highest Rice Production". Mapsofindia.com. 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2013. AWD entails the periodic draining of a field to a certain threshold, usually 15 cm below the soil surface, before re-flooding. A perforated tube placed in the soil enables the farmer to monitor the water level below the soil surface to determine when to irrigate. During dry phases, the methane-producing bacteria are inhibited. Gross, B. L.; Zhao, Z. (2014). "Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (17): 6190–7. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.6190G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308942110. PMC 4035933. PMID 24753573. Harrington, Spencer P.M. (11 June 1997). "Earliest Rice". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Rice cultivation began in China ca. 11,500 years ago, some 3,500 years earlier than previously believed

A 100kg bag of paddy rice is now sold at the rate of N22,000 as against N16,000 sold at this period last year. Fields can be built into steep hillsides as terraces or adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation. Oxen and water buffalo, adapted for life in wetlands, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming.There are three main types of rice—long-grain, medium-grain, and short-grain—each with its unique characteristics and culinary uses. Iofrida N, De Luca AI, Silveri F et al (2019) Psychosocial risk factors’ impact pathway for social life cycle assessment: an application to citrus life cycles in South Italy. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24:767–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1482-4

Bellwood, Peter (1997). "Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago". Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp.205–211. ISBN 0824818830. JSTOR j.ctt24hf81. With respect to the satisfactory from income for farmers, the cost of cultivation was high because of the high cost of local workers during COVID-19. The foreign workers with low wage could not enter the provinces because of the movement control by the government. Farmers had to use local workers with high wage. Another issue was the price of rice that did not increase during harvesting time. The farmers had to sell the products at a low price to brokers because they could not store rice. For health and safety of farmers, 98% of the farmers had health and safety issues because of high stress. For the marketing of rice in Iran, most of the farmers were not satisfied about marketing since there was no good marketing in harvesting time. The government fixed the rice price by importing rice in harvesting season. In Madagascar, the average annual consumption of rice is 130kg per person, one of the largest in the world. Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21(5):77–84, 2001. The primary difference between paddy rice and rice lies in the stage of processing. Paddy rice is the unprocessed, unhusked form of rice that is still in the field. In contrast, rice refers to the grain after it has been harvested, threshed, and milled to remove the husk, bran, and germ, leaving the edible grain. Where is Paddy Rice Grown?The terminology reflects the stages of the crop’s processing. In the field, the crop is called paddy. After harvesting and removing the husks in a process called milling, it becomes rice. This distinction is important in contexts such as trading, where the weight of the husk affects the volume and price of the crop. What is the Difference Between Paddy Rice and Rice? Pashaei Kamali F, Meuwissen MPM, de Boer IJM et al (2017) Evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social performance of soybean farming systems in southern Brazil. J Clean Prod 142:385–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.135 Rice farms in Iran consisted of mostly small farms (smaller than 10 ha) owned by smallholder. Most of them were not contracted with rice company. They usually employed temporary labours when needed.