You can see why I barely read anything this month but as I’d like to continue with my end of month reading updates here is what I did read in September:

The flow inside the funnel of the tornado is downward, supplying water vapor from the cloud above. This is contrary to the upward flow inside hurricanes, supplying water vapor from the warm ocean below. Therefore, the energy of the tornado is supplied from the cloud above. The complicated mechanism is explained in Dotzek, Nikolai; Grieser, Jürgen; Brooks, Harold E. (2003-03-01). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions". Atmos. Res. 67: 163–87. Bibcode: 2003AtmRe..67..163D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.4573. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00050-4. Some evidence does suggest that the Southern Oscillation is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the ENSO phase is that of El Niño or La Niña. [99] Research has found that fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur in winter and spring in the U.S. central and southern plains during El Niño, and more occur during La Niña, than in years when temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable. Ocean conditions could be used to forecast extreme spring storm events several months in advance. [100] Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall. Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual convective cells or updrafts (a mesocyclone), which leads to tornadic activity. At landfall, friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land. This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface, causing tornadoes. [21] These tornadic circulations in the boundary layer may be prevalent in the inner eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones but with short duration and small size they are not frequently observed. [22] Stadium effect [ edit ] View of Typhoon Maysak's eye from the International Space Station displaying a pronounced stadium effect a b Singer, Oscar (May–July 1985). "27.0.0 General Laws Influencing the Creation of Bands of Strong Bands". Bible of Weather Forecasting. 1 (4): 57–58.

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About Waterspouts". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-01-04 . Retrieved 2009-12-13. Wu, Liguang; Q. Liu; Y. Li (2018). "Prevalence of tornado-scale vortices in the tropical cyclone eyewall". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115 (33): 8307–8310. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.8307W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807217115. PMC 6099912. PMID 30061409. Brooks, Harold E. (2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather Forecast. 19 (2): 310–19. Bibcode: 2004WtFor..19..310B. doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2. Former Tornado Navigator John Nichol tells the incredible story of the RAF Tornado force during the First Gulf War in 1991; the excitement and the danger, the fear and the losses. It is an extraordinary account of courage and fortitude. a b "Hallam Nebraska Tornado". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005-10-02 . Retrieved 2009-11-15.

However, a small portion of the built-up air, instead of flowing outward, flows inward towards the center of the storm. This causes air pressure to build even further, to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm. Air begins to descend in the center of the storm, creating a mostly rain-free area–a newly formed eye. [12] The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daultipur-Salturia Tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people. [84] Bangladesh has had at least 19 tornadoes in its history that killed more than 100 people, almost half of the total in the rest of the world. [ citation needed] Main article: Tornado climatology Areas worldwide where tornadoes are most likely, indicated by orange shading Knapp, Kenneth R.; C. S. Velden; A. J. Wimmers (2018). "A Global Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Eyes". Mon. Wea. Rev. 146 (7): 2089–2101. Bibcode: 2018MWRv..146.2089K. doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0343.1. S2CID 125930597.

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a b c Landsea, Chris; Goldenberg, Stan (2012-06-01). "D: Tropical cyclone winds and energy". In Dorst, Neal (ed.). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.5. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. pp. D8: What are "concentric eyewall cycles"?. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. Tatom, Frank; Knupp, Kevin R. & Vitto, Stanley J. (1995). "Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal". J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (2): 572–82. Bibcode: 1995JApMe..34..572T. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2. Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes". National Severe Storms Laboratory. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23 . Retrieved 2010-06-22. Maue, Ryan N. (2006-04-25). "Warm seclusion cyclone climatology". American Meteorological Society Conference. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07 . Retrieved 2006-10-06. I try to reach my dad through the veil to ask his advice, but he is silent. Samhain is still a ways off after all. But he’s always with me in my memories of him. In his stories. His stories tell me that I can get through this storm. That I can look at it with wonder and awe and see the quiet center.