Ward WW, Seliger HH. Properties of mnemiopsin and berovin, calcium-activated photoproteins from the ctenophores Mnemiopsis species and Beroe ovata. Biochemistry [Internet]. 1974 Mar 1;13(7):1500-10. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi00704a028 For our character rigs, an arm generally has a certain number of bones that we put into it so the character can bend a certain way,” explains Puertolas. “But, in the case of Ruby and her family, we created a new system that has more bones internally so we can not only bend the elbow, but we can also bend the middle and the top and almost draw some shapes with the arms or legs. This was something we were not able to do in the past and hadn’t really attempted.” Ohmiya Y, Kojima S, Nakamura M, Niwa H. Bioluminescence in the limpet-like snail, Latia neritoides. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. The Chemical Society of Japan; 2005;78(7):1197-205

Deheyn DD, Enzor LA, Dubowitz A, Urbach JS, Blair D. Optical and physicochemical characterization of the luminous mucous secreted by the marine worm Chaetopterus sp. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL; 2013;86(6):702-15 The second limited-edition bottle from The Kraken’s ‘Unknown Deep’ collection, representing the second attempted expedition to find The Beast, comes contained within its own distressed diving cage – a tribute to the brave explorers who risked life and limb by plunging to the very darkest depths to haul these mysterious bioluminescent bottles to the e-shelves. Labella AM, Arahal DR, Castro D, Lemos ML, Borrego JJ. Revisiting the genus Photobacterium: Taxonomy, ecology and pathogenesis. Int. Microbiol. 2017;20(1):1-10 Animation director Carlos Fernandez Puertolas, who has been on the team since a year before production on the film even started , confirms that there was an almost incalculable number of Ruby designs that he sorted through before narrowing down her look. And like with How to Train Your Dragon and many other DreamWorks features that have come before, Ruby Gillman had already proven to be an inspiration ahead of its official release.Welch V, Vigneron JP, Lousse V, Parker A. Optical properties of the iridescent organ of the comb-jellyfish Beroë cucumis (Ctenophora). Phys. Rev. E [Internet]. American Physical Society; 2006 Apr 14;73(4):041916. Available from: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevE.73.041916 Freeman G, Reynolds GT. The development of bioluminescence in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi. Dev. Biol. [Internet]. 1973 Mar;31(1):61-100. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012160673903217 Oliveira AG, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Stevani C V. Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2012;11(5):848-52 The Kraken Rum is made using a unique blend of molasses and spices, including cinnamon, ginger, and clove. These ingredients are carefully selected and blended to create a rich and flavorful rum that is unlike any other. The rum is aged for up to two years in oak barrels, which gives it its dark colour and robust flavour profile. Wood K V. The chemical mechanism and evolutionary development of beetle bioluminescence. Photochem. Photobiol. Wiley Online Library; 1995;62(4):662-73

This was the same rigging system the team used for scenes where Ruby is underwater with her mom Agatha (Toni Collette) or Grandmamah (Jane Fonda). Day JC, Tisi LC, Bailey MJ. Evolution of beetle bioluminescence: the origin of beetle luciferin. Lumin. J. Biol. Chem. Lumin. Wiley Online Library; 2004;19(1):8-20Comb jellies are the phylogenetically the most basic examples of bioluminescence in animals. Many species like Mnemiopsis [ 20, 37] use calcium activated coelenterazine as their bioluminescent substrate [ 4]. Some species, for example Beroe forskalii are known to produce myriad, cascading wave-patterns of intrinsic glow on their bodies, and some even emit a haze of glowing particles to startle the predator as a defensive measure, coupled with an escape response [ 38]. A majority of pelagic species are likely to exhibit bioluminescence [ 35]. The photo-proteins involved in bioluminescence in various genera like Mnemiopsis and Beroe have been studied, and are known to depend on calcium ions for their activity [ 39, 40].

Shimomura O. Presence of coelenterazine in non-bioluminescent marine organisms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Comp. Biochem. Elsevier; 1987;86(2):361-3 Meyer-Rochow VB. Glowworms: a review of Arachnocampa spp. and kin. Lumin. J. Biol. Chem. Lumin. Wiley Online Library; 2007;22(3):251-65 We're trying to stay on top of the technology, but it's not just us, because the people who are going to go see the movie, they're seeing other movies, they're seeing the game industry that is always speeding ahead in technology as well,” notes Vincent. “So, it creates a community that is much more aware of the shortcomings and the reach of technology.” Hoffmann KH. Environmental Aspects of Insect Bioluminescence. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. Insects [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1984. p. 225-44. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-70020-0_9 Schultz DT, Kotlobay AA, Ziganshin R, Bannikov A, Markina NM, Chepurnyh T V., et al. Luciferase of the Japanese syllid polychaete Odontosyllis umdecimdonta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2018;502(3):318-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.135Though Puertolas and Vincent both steered away from hyperrealism in their designs for Ruby Gillman, there were some aspects of Ruby’s character (and clothing) design that are hyper-detailed. Moreira APB, Duytschaever G, Tonon LAC, Fróes AM, de Oliveira LS, Amado-Filho GM, et al. Photobacterium sanctipauli sp. nov. isolated from bleached Madracis decactis (Scleractinia) in the St Peter & St Paul Archipelago, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil. PeerJ. PeerJ Inc.; 2014;2:e427

Krichevsky A, Meyers B, Vainstein A, Maliga P, Citovsky V. Autoluminescent plants. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):1-6 Mallefet J. Echinoderm bioluminescence: where, how and why do so many ophiuroids glow? Biolumin. Focus - A Collect. Illum. Essays. Research Singpost; 2009. p. 67-83 Harvey EN. The evolution of bioluminescence and its relation to cell respiration. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. JSTOR; 1932;71(4):135-41 Marcinko CLJ, Painter SC, Martin AP, Allen JT. A review of the measurement and modelling of dinoflagellate bioluminescence. Prog. Oceanogr. [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2013 Feb;109:117-29. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.10.008 Kaskova ZM, Tsarkova AS, Yampolsky I V. 1001 lights: Luciferins, luciferases, their mechanisms of action and applications in chemical analysis, biology and medicine. Chem. Soc. Rev. [Internet]. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2016;45(21):6048-77. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00296JDybas CL. Bioluminescent, biofluorescent species light the way to new biomedical discoveries. Oceanography. 2019;32(4):8-9 Bioluminescence’ refers to the phenomenon of chemically induced emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiations) by a living organism. It is a common occurrence frequently observed in various organisms, ranging from simple ones like bacteria to complex animals like deep-sea fish or fireflies, and even some fungi. The first accounts of bioluminescence are found in the works of Dioscorides and even Pliny the Elder, who believed that certain bioluminescent organisms had medicinal properties [ 1]. There are accounts of coal-miners using dried fish skins, and even bottled fireflies as safe light sources [ 2]. Charles Darwin also wrote about the glowing oceans in his travails. E. N. Harvey conducted extensive studies on this phenomenon, and wrote the first detailed account of all natural bioluminescent forms. In biochemical terms, the phenomenon of bioluminescence occurs due to an interaction of a substrate luciferin with an enzyme luciferase. Shimomura et al. were the first to obtain crystalline luciferin from the sea firefly Vargula hilgendorfii [ 3]. Viviani VR, Bechara EJH. Bioluminescence and biological aspects of Brazilian railroad-worms (Coleoptera: Phengodidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Oxford University Press Oxford, UK; 1997;90(3):389-98 Dealing with scale and finishing production in two years were certainly challenges for the creative team, but it was nailing Ruby’s royal-yet-relatable Kraken look that posed the biggest threat.