Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, [7] and her son Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu, as well as Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter. Peter H. Marshall, Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation (Yale University Press, 2017). Krista Kesselring, The Northern Rebellion of 1569: Faith, Politics and Protest in Elizabethan England (Springer, 2007).

Indicidual physicians and surgeons may got a medical degree from a university or been granted a licence after taking an apprenticeship, but many are completely unlicensed. [97] By the end of the period, there is a medical practitioner (a physician, surgeon or apothecary) for every 400 people in London. [98]

Only in the broadest respects was he [the king] taking independent decisions....It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the available options and ranked them for royal consideration; who established the parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow of official information; who selected the king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, and JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, if not strictly taken. [20] In 1600, an ambassador arrived in London from modern-day Morocco called Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud, seeking an alliance between the King of Barbary and Elizabeth I. He brought a retinue of 17 other Muslim men with him, and had a portrait painted during his visit. [57] The House of Tudor ( / ˈ tj uː d ər/) [1] was a dynasty of largely Welsh and English origin that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. [2] They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd and Catherine of Valois. The Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line.

a b Mortimer, Ian (2012). The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England. London: The Bodley Head. pp.15–16. ISBN 978-1-84792-114-7. Katz, David S. (December 1996). "The Jewish Conspirators of Elizabethan England". The Jews in the History of England 1485-1850. Oxford University Press. pp.49–106. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206675.03.0003. ISBN 9780198206675. Williams, C. H. (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1485–1558 (1957), a wide-ranging major collection a b c d Pevsner, Nikolaus (1973). The Buildings of England: London- The Cities of London and Westminster. Revised by Bridget Cherry (3rded.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p.50. ISBN 0140710124. Hampton Court Palace was built by Henry VIII's advisor, Thomas Wolsey, and acquired in 1529 by Henry, who set about turning it into a sprawling pleasure palace, with tennis courts, bowling alleys, a tiltyard, Great Kitchens and a Great Hall. It is where his third wife, Jane Seymour, died; where his son, Edward VI, was born; and where he married his sixth wife, Catherine Parr. [23] Henry also acquired York Place from Wolsey, which he massively enlarged into Whitehall Palace, [24] with a tiltyard and tennis court, [12] and a royal mews for horses, carriages and hunting falcons close to Charing Cross. [25] It was where he died in 1547. [26] In 1531, Henry seized the St. James monastic leper hospital to rebuild as St. James's Palace, [27] [28] and he had Nonsuch Palace built in 1538. [29] In 1543, Henry gave Chelsea Manor House to his sixth wife Catherine Parr, where she would continue to reside after his death in 1547. [30] In the same year, he had the Great Standing built in his hunting grounds at Epping Forest. [30]

Anglo, Sydney. "Ill of the dead. The posthumous reputation of Henry VII," Renaissance Studies 1 (1987): 27–47. online Professor Sara Nair James says that between 1515 and 1529, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king." [19] Historian John Guy explains Wolsey's methods:

Sydney Anglo, "Ill of the dead: The posthumous reputation of Henry VII", Renaissance Studies 1 (1987): 27–47. online. Lipscomb, Suzannah (2012). A Visitor's Companion To Tudor England. Ebury Press. p.12. ISBN 9780091944841. Bland, A. E., P. A. Brown and R. H. Tawney (eds). English economic history: select documents (1919). online 733pp; covers 1086 to 1840s. the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures. [63]

Duffy, Eamon. Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England (2017) excerpt