this is a tremendous and inspirential awe inspiring exhibition.Well worth a visit and best of all it was accessable ad free of charge. You must see it. Came across it last night, my journey was suddenly curtailed, loved images and the facts which resonated in so may ways.Didn't do the work justice will take my sons there to see it again, loved the way it was so accessible and no grafitti.Thank you Birds Eye and Birmingham Other layers The volume fraction of the main gases in Earth's atmosphere according to height. The boundary between the homosphere (left) and heterosphere (right) is at about 100 km. The outermost layer of the exosphere (off the chart) is dominated by hydrogen. [32] All living things on Earth, including humans, use oxygen from the atmosphere for respiration to stay alive.

Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia

a b Zahnle, K.; Schaefer, L.; Fegley, B. (2010). "Earth's Earliest Atmospheres". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (10): a004895. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004895. PMC 2944365. PMID 20573713. The total ppm above adds up to more than 1 million (currently 83.43 above it) due to experimental error. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, and then plants using some oxygen at night by the process of photorespiration while the remaining oxygen is used to break down organic material. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which reacts with oxygen and hence reduces its amount in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with the rapid development of animals.The upper limit varies depending on the definition. Various authorities consider it to end at about 10,000 kilometres (6,200mi) [23] or about 190,000 kilometres (120,000mi)—about halfway to the moon, where the influence of Earth's gravity is about the same as radiation pressure from sunlight. [22] The geocorona visible in the far ultraviolet (caused by neutral hydrogen) extends to at least 100,000 kilometres (62,000mi). [22] Trenberth, Kevin E.; Smith, Lesley (1970-01-01). "The Mass of the Atmosphere: A Constraint on Global Analyses". Journal of Climate. 18 (6): 864. Bibcode: 2005JCli...18..864T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.6573. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-3299.1. S2CID 16754900.

Earth from the Air - 365 Days: (expanded edition ) The Earth from the Air - 365 Days: (expanded edition )

This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420km (220 and 260mi). It is this layer where many of the satellites orbiting the Earth are present. The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by mole fraction in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by mole fraction in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). [11] :8 The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, [12] among which are other greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Besides argon, already mentioned, other noble gases, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon are also present. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution. The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11km, where the temperature stabilizes over a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere, starting above about 20km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by the capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90km. For combustion to occur, there needs to be a fuel, heat and oxygen. This is represented by the fire triangle . NASA– Earth Fact Sheet". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010-10-16.

Air Composition". The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017-07-04. The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen (approximately 80%) and oxygen (approximately 20%). The remaining gases are found in much smaller proportions, such as carbon dioxide and water vapour. Marshak, Alexander; Várnai, Tamás; Kostinski, Alexander (15 May 2017). "Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (10): 5197. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44.5197M. doi: 10.1002/2017GL073248. S2CID 109930589. Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by the oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Free oxygen molecules did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O 2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian. [56] The following time span from 539 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian, oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear. About 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas, N2, which is unreactive and just sort of hangs around.

Earth from the Air Earth from the Air

In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, the temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile, or lapse rate, is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [18] The altitudes of the five layers are as follows: I think the pictures are amazing, some of them leave you standing with your jaw to the floor. I know mine was, such beauty. The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence. [33] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100km (62mi; 330,000ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI, which places it about 20km (12mi; 66,000ft) above the mesopause. The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60°C (−76°F; 210K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0°C. [28] Earth from the Air, Millennium Square, Thursday 15 September - Wednesday 16 November 2005 (a display will also be at the Light shopping centre for two weeks from Saturday 15 September). The exhibition information centre (including gift shop and fair-trade cafe) is open daily 10am to 6pm.Earth from the Air Millennium Square is set to become a 24-hour art gallery this autumn. The stunning Earth from the Air exhibition will be in Leeds from Thursday 15 September - Wednesday 16 November 2005. Saw this exhibition in London, where it was located in one place all together near Imperial College. It is disappointing to see how all the elements are separated around such a large area, it was far better when kept together. Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure.