If your use of opium is affecting your health, family, relationships, work, school, financial or other life situations, or you’re concerned about a loved one, you can find help and support. Dr Roland Quinault; Dr Ruth Clayton Windscheffel; Mr Roger Swift (July 28, 2013). William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.238–. ISBN 978-1-4094-8327-4. World Health Organisation. Information sheet on opioid overdose Online: World Health Organisation; 2018

Smoking of opium came on the heels of tobacco smoking and may have been encouraged by a brief ban on the smoking of tobacco by the Ming emperor. The prohibition ended in 1644 with the coming of the Qing dynasty, which encouraged smokers to mix in increasing amounts of opium. [1] In 1705, Wang Shizhen wrote, "nowadays, from nobility and gentlemen down to slaves and women, all are addicted to tobacco." Tobacco in that time was frequently mixed with other herbs (this continues with clove cigarettes to the modern day), and opium was one component in the mixture. Tobacco mixed with opium was called madak (or madat) and became popular throughout China and its seafaring trade partners (such as Taiwan, Java, and the Philippines) in the 17th century. [47] In 1712, Engelbert Kaempfer described addiction to madak: "No commodity throughout the Indies is retailed with greater profit by the Batavians than opium, which [its] users cannot do without, nor can they come by it except it be brought by the ships of the Batavians from Bengal and Coromandel." [20] Description of the Culture of the White Poppy and Preparation of Opium, as Practised in the Province of Bahar". The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany. Vol.3. Wm. H. Allen & Company. 1817 . Retrieved May 31, 2022. a b c d e Alfred W. McCoy. "Opium History, 1858 to 1940". Archived from the original on April 4, 2007 . Retrieved May 4, 2007. Dioscorides,Introduction to The Herbal of Dioscorides the Greek Poppy crop from the Malwa in India (probably Papaver somniferum var. album [1]) Morewood, Samuel (1838). A philosophical and statistical history of the inventions and customs of ancient and modern nations in the manufacture and use of inebriating liquors; with the present practice of distillation in all its varieties: together with an extensive illustration of the consumption and effects of opium, and other stimulants used in the East, as substitutes for wine and spirits. Dublin, W. Curry and W. Carson.Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong (2013). "Discourses of drug problems and drug control in China: Reports in the People's Daily, 1946–2009". China Information. 27 (3): 302. doi: 10.1177/0920203X13491387. S2CID 147627658.

Benjamin Pui-Nin Mo & E. Leong Way (October 1, 1966). "An Assessment Of Inhalation As A Mode Of Administration Of Heroin By Addicts". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 154 (1): 142–151. PMID 5924312 . Retrieved June 6, 2007. Opium timeline". The Golden Triangle. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009 . Retrieved September 13, 2009. Richard Askwith; The Sunday Times (September 13, 1998). "How aspirin turned hero" . Retrieved May 2, 2007. Presley CC, Lindsley CW. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: opium, a historical perspective. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2018;9(10):2503-18. W. Travis Hanes III; Frank Sanello (February 1, 2004). The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks. pp.88–. ISBN 978-1-4022-5205-1.

Heroin methods of use

Withdrawal symptoms usually start six to 24 hours after the last dose and can last around seven to ten days. These symptoms are described as flu-like, and can include: Professor Arthur C. Gibson. "The Pernicious Opium Poppy". University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013 . Retrieved February 22, 2014. Inglis, Lucy, Milk of Paradise: A History of Opium, Pan Macmillan, London, 2018. **Review: Julie Peakman: "Not Just Smelling the Flowers", History Today History Today Vol. 68/10, October 2018, pp.102–103. In June 2007, the council launched a "Poppy for Medicines" project that provides a technical blueprint for the implementation of an integrated control system within Afghan village-based poppy for medicine projects: the idea promotes the economic diversification by redirecting proceeds from the legal cultivation of poppy and production of poppy-based medicines. [143] There has been criticism of the Senlis report findings by Macfarlan Smith, who argue that though they produce morphine in Europe, they were never asked to contribute to the report. [144] Cultivation in the UK [ edit ]

Giving up opium after using it for a long time is challenging because the body must get used to functioning without it. Withdrawing from opium is similar to withdrawing from other opioid drugs. Join the Daily Record's WhatsApp community here and get the latest news sent straight to your messages.

a b P. G. Kritikos & S. P. Papadaki (January 1, 1967). "The early history of the poppy and opium". Journal of the Archaeological Society of Athens. Max Chamka; Translated by Geraldine Ring. "3 grams of opium for 1 dollar". Caucaz europenews . Retrieved May 6, 2007. Speer, William (1870). The oldest and the newest empire: China and the United States. Hartford, Conn., S. S. Scranton and company; Philadelphia, Parmelee & co.; [etc., etc.] Morimoto, Satoshi; Kazunari Suemori; Jun Moriwaki; Futoshi Taura; Hiroyuki Tanaka; Mariko Aso; Masakazu Tanaka; Hiroshi Suemune; Yasuyuki Shimohigashi; Yukihiro Shoyama; etal. (October 12, 2001). "Morphine Metabolism in the Opium Poppy and Its Possible Physiological Function". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (41): 38179–38184. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M107105200. PMID 11498543. Karl A. Sporer, M.D. (April 6, 1999). "Acute Heroin Overdose". Annals of Internal Medicine. 130 (7): 584–590. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-7-199904060-00019. PMID 10189329. S2CID 22949289.