a b Smith, Carin. "Moeletsi Mbeki: BEE and affirmative action are biggest drivers of corruption in SA". Fin24 . Retrieved 5 September 2022.

Uprooting Corruption: Lessons from China". Global Village Space. 2021-05-12 . Retrieved 2021-06-02. Zuma defends relationship with Guptas – report". News24.com. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019 . Retrieved 30 March 2016. Mohiuddin (2007, pp.100–150, ch. 2, The Economy of Pakistan, "The Nationalization and Authoritarian Populism Under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; 1971-1977")

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Raza, Sadar Muhammad (1999). The Effective Administration of Criminal Justice for the Prevention of Corrupt Activities by Public Officials (PDF). 113th International Training Course. Visiting Experts' Papers. Resource Materials Series No. 56. United Nations Asia and Far East Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27 . Retrieved 2013-12-27. While every country faces different corruption challenges, this year’s index reveals ongoing stagnation around the world.

This Policy Briefcase was issued in March 2008, and revised in May 2012. The data comes from Olken, Benjamin A. 2007. "Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia." Journal of Political Economy 115(2): 200-249. Attaa, Aamir (14 June 2012). "Historic Win: Social Media Beats Corrupt Media". ProPakistani blog . Retrieved 2013-12-25. Madia, Tshidi. "ANC leaders upset by Andre de Ruyter's scathing criticism of the party". ewn.co.za . Retrieved 8 March 2023.

Siddiqui, Taha (17 April 2013). "Pakistan elections: Who are the main candidates for prime minister?". The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2013-12-26. Corruption can occur in many sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs (especially in public sector). However, only in democratically controlled institutions is there an interest of the public (owner) to develop internal mechanisms to fight active or passive corruption, whereas in private industry as well as in NGOs there is no public control. Therefore, the owners' investors' or sponsors' profits are largely decisive. Police, judiciary among most corrupt institutions in Pak". NDTV. 29 December 2011 . Retrieved 2013-12-25. Free Facts: Corruption eats at South Africa's foundations" (PDF). SAIRR. October 2020 . Retrieved 29 April 2022.

Ephedrine quota case: The Ephedrine quote case was a scandal involving prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani's son, Ali Musa Gillani, who pressure officials of the Ministry of Health into allocating a quota (worth Rs 70 billion) of controlled chemical ephedrine to two different Multan-based pharmaceutical companies. [46] Ebrahim, Shah (9 October 2010). "Choking on corruption—reforming Pakistan's health system". The Lancet. 376 (9748): 1213–1214. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61865-X. S2CID 54367053.Corruption is not something that only affects low income countries—and in fact, many high income countries have become increasingly aware of this in recent years. Wafayi, Mokhtar; Bin Aziz, Haris. "Pakistani media's fight against corruption: A Case Study for Afghan Media". The Express Tribune . Retrieved 2013-12-24. Scott, Matt (3 November 2011). "Pakistan spot-fixing players and agent sentenced to lengthy jail terms". The Guardian. UK . Retrieved 10 December 2011. Governmental corruption of the judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter critically undermines the separation of powers, because it fosters financial dependence on the judiciary. The proper distribution of a nation's wealth, including its government's spending on the judiciary, is subject to constitutional economics.